Which right does New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act protect?

Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including holding opinions. The Act protects everyone's freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and hold opinions without interference. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 13.)

In which year was the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act passed?

1990. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act was passed in 1990. It protects civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial.

What is the legal age to buy alcohol in New Zealand?

18. You must be 18 or over to buy alcohol from a shop, bar, or restaurant in New Zealand.

Which Act protects basic civil and political rights in New Zealand?

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 sets out civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial.

Which of these is protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990?

The right to peaceful protest. The Bill of Rights Act protects freedom of peaceful assembly, which includes peaceful protest. It also protects free expression and freedom of religion.

Which right does the Bill of Rights Act protect?

Freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Section 13 of the Bill of Rights Act protects everyone's freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief.

Under the Bill of Rights Act, you have the right not to be subjected to:

Torture or cruel treatment. Section 9 of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone has the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel, degrading, or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment.

Which agency in New Zealand handles complaints about workplace pay and leave?

The Labour Inspectorate (part of MBIE). The Labour Inspectorate, part of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, investigates breaches of minimum employment rules such as pay, leave, and minimum wage.

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, which freedom is protected?

Freedom of peaceful assembly, such as gathering or protesting without violence. The Act protects freedom of peaceful assembly. This covers gatherings, meetings, and protests, provided they are peaceful. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 16.)

Which freedom does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect for everyone?

Freedom of association, such as joining a union, club, or political party. Everyone has the right to freedom of association. This includes joining or forming groups such as unions, clubs, religious groups, and political parties. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 17.)

In New Zealand, the right to practise your religion includes:

Manifesting religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching. The Act protects the right to manifest a person's religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching, either alone or with others, in public or in private. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 15.)

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, everyone is protected against:

Unreasonable search or seizure of their person, property, or correspondence. Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure of their person, property, correspondence, or otherwise. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 21.)

Under New Zealand law, a person who is arrested or detained has the right to:

Be told the reason for arrest and to consult a lawyer without delay. Arrested or detained people must be told why they are arrested, told of the right to a lawyer, and given the chance to consult one. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 23.)

In New Zealand, a limit on a protected right is allowed if it is:

Prescribed by law and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. Rights may be subject only to reasonable limits prescribed by law that can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. Courts use this test. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 5.)

In New Zealand, freedom of expression includes the right to:

Seek, receive, and share information and opinions of any kind, in any form. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 14.)

Which of these is one of the rights protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act?

The right to freedom of expression. The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protects rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly, and the right to a fair trial.

Which freedom does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect?

Freedom of expression. The Bill of Rights Act protects freedom of expression. This includes the right to seek, receive, and share information and opinions of any kind. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 14.)

Under the Bill of Rights Act, when can the police search you or your home?

Only if it is not unreasonable, usually with a warrant or lawful reason. Section 21 of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Police usually need a warrant or another lawful reason.

If you are arrested in New Zealand, you have the right to:

Stay silent and speak to a lawyer. Sections 23 and 24 of the Bill of Rights Act give you the right to be told why you are arrested, to remain silent, and to consult and instruct a lawyer.

Under the Bill of Rights Act, everyone charged with an offence has the right to:

A fair and public hearing by an independent court. Section 25 of the Bill of Rights Act gives anyone charged with an offence the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial court.

When a public body makes a decision about your rights, you are entitled to:

Natural justice (fair process) in dealings with public bodies. Everyone has the right to the observance of the principles of natural justice when a public authority makes a decision about their rights or interests. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 27.)

What does the Privacy Act 2020 do?

Sets rules for how organisations collect, store, and use personal information. The Privacy Act 2020 sets out 13 information privacy principles, plus IPP 3A added in 2026. It applies to most public and private organisations and is overseen by the Privacy Commissioner.

A person convicted of a crime in New Zealand has the right to:

Appeal the conviction or sentence in many cases. Section 25(h) of the Bill of Rights Act includes the right of a convicted person to appeal to a higher court. Most decisions can be appealed in some way.

In New Zealand, a person is presumed:

Innocent until proven guilty. Section 25(c) of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

Marriage and civil unions in New Zealand:

Are open to two people regardless of sex or gender (since 2013 for marriage). Since the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, two people can marry regardless of their sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, rights and freedoms:

May be subject to reasonable limits prescribed by law that can be justified in a free and democratic society. The Act allows rights to be limited only by reasonable limits set by law that can be justified in a free and democratic society. Courts use this to weigh up rights against other public interests. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 5.)

When reading other laws, what does the Bill of Rights Act ask New Zealand courts to do?

Prefer an interpretation of other laws that is consistent with the rights in the Act. Where any law can be given a meaning that is consistent with the rights and freedoms in the Bill of Rights Act, that meaning shall be preferred. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 6.)

Which body sets the rules and standards for lawyers in New Zealand?

The New Zealand Law Society. The New Zealand Law Society regulates lawyers under the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006. It can investigate complaints and take disciplinary action.

Which right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect as part of freedom of movement?

The right of every New Zealand citizen to enter New Zealand at any time. The Act covers freedom of movement. It includes the right of every citizen to enter New Zealand, and the right of everyone here lawfully to move and reside in New Zealand. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 18.)

Who tells Parliament if a new bill conflicts with New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act?

The Attorney-General, on the introduction of the bill or as soon as practicable. The Attorney-General must bring to Parliament's attention any bill that appears to be inconsistent with the rights and freedoms in the Act. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 7.)

The Bill of Rights Act 1990 applies to acts done by:

The legislative, executive, and judicial branches and people performing public functions. Section 3 says the Act applies to acts done by the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of the government, and by any person or body performing a public function, power, or duty.

In New Zealand, anyone charged with an offence has the right to:

Be tried without undue delay. Anyone charged with an offence has the right to be tried without undue delay. Long delays can breach this right. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(b).)

At trial in New Zealand, a person charged with an offence has the right:

Not to be compelled to be a witness or to confess guilt at their own trial. An accused person has the right not to be compelled to be a witness or to confess guilt. This is closely linked to the right to silence. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(d).)

In New Zealand, a person charged with an offence has the right to:

Consult and instruct a lawyer without delay. Anyone charged with an offence has the right to consult and instruct a lawyer. This sits alongside the rights of arrested people. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 24(c).)

New Zealand does not have a single written constitution. Which of these IS part of the constitution?

The Constitution Act 1986. New Zealand's constitution is uncodified. Important parts include the Constitution Act 1986, the Bill of Rights Act 1990, the Electoral Act 1993, and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Why is the right to vote in genuine periodic elections protected in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act?

Because regular, fair elections are a key part of democracy. Section 12 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 protects the right of citizens aged 18 or over to vote in genuine periodic elections. This is core to democracy.

Which body decides whether new laws are consistent with the Bill of Rights Act?

The Attorney-General reports to Parliament if a bill seems inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act. The Attorney-General must report to Parliament if a bill appears to be inconsistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. Courts can also consider these issues.

Which Act creates most of New Zealand's criminal offences?

The Crimes Act 1961. The Crimes Act 1961 sets out most major criminal offences in New Zealand, including homicide, assault, theft, burglary, and many more.

The Bill of Rights Act 1990 in New Zealand:

Cannot strike down other laws but does shape how they are applied. Unlike some other countries, New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act is not "supreme law". Courts cannot strike down a law for breaching it, but they read other laws consistently with it where possible.

Which right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act affirm for everyone?

Freedom from discrimination. The Bill of Rights Act affirms the right to be free from discrimination on the grounds set out in the Human Rights Act 1993. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 19.)

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protects the cultural rights of:

Ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities. The Act protects the rights of ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities to enjoy their culture, profess and practise their religion, and use their language. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 20.)

Can a New Zealand court strike down a law for clashing with the Bill of Rights Act?

No, courts cannot hold a law invalid only because it conflicts with the Act. No court may hold a law invalid, void, or of no effect just because it is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act. Parliament's laws still apply. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 4.)

Which fundamental right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect?

The right not to be deprived of life except on grounds established by law and consistent with justice. No one shall be deprived of life except on such grounds as are established by law and are consistent with the principles of fundamental justice. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 8.)

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, what does everyone have the right to refuse?

To undergo any medical treatment. Everyone has the right to refuse to undergo any medical treatment. This is a key part of informed consent in healthcare. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 11.)

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, everyone has the right not to be:

Arbitrarily arrested or detained. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily arrested or detained. Police must have lawful grounds and follow proper process. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 22.)

In New Zealand, when you are charged with an offence you have the right to:

Be told the charge promptly, have time to prepare a defence, and consult a lawyer. Rights of people charged with an offence include being told the charge promptly, having time to prepare a defence, and consulting and instructing a lawyer. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 24.)

Which New Zealand law protects you from being tried twice for the same offence?

The Bill of Rights Act 1990. The Bill of Rights Act protects against retroactive penalties and against being tried or punished twice for the same offence (the rule against "double jeopardy"), with limited exceptions for serious cases. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 26.)

Which Act sets out most road and traffic offences in New Zealand?

The Land Transport Act 1998. The Land Transport Act 1998 sets out most rules and offences for driving, including drink-driving, driving while disqualified, and reckless driving.

Which body in New Zealand can issue a "declaration of inconsistency" if a law is found to clash with the Bill of Rights Act?

The senior courts (the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court). Senior courts can declare that a law is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act. Under the New Zealand Bill of Rights (Declarations of Inconsistency) Amendment Act 2022, such declarations must be reported to Parliament.

In New Zealand, everyone charged with an offence has the right to be presumed what?

Innocent until proved guilty according to law. The Bill of Rights Act protects the presumption of innocence. The prosecution must prove the charge beyond reasonable doubt. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(c).)

Topic · 50 practice questions

Bill of Rights Act

Last updated 12 May 2026

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is one of the six topic areas govt.nz lists for the citizenship test. It sets out civil and political rights that the government must respect, including freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial, and protection from unreasonable search. The questions below are practice questions written from publicly available guidance. They are not the real test.

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What this topic covers

What the Bill of Rights Act 1990 is and who it applies to
Freedom of expression, religion, peaceful assembly, and association
Rights of people who are arrested or detained
Right to a fair trial and minimum standards of criminal procedure
Limits on the rights and how they can be balanced

Note: The official study materials for the New Zealand citizenship test have not been released yet. These practice questions are written from publicly available legislation and government guidance.

Practice questions (50)

Question 1

Which right does New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act protect?
- A The right to free and confidential legal advice from a state-funded lawyer
- B Freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including holding opinions Correct
- C The right to attend any private religious school free of any tuition charges
- D The right to refuse to pay tax that funds religious activity in any school
Why

The Act protects everyone's freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief, including the right to adopt and hold opinions without interference. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 13.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 2

In which year was the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act passed?
- A 1947
- B 1975
- C 1990 Correct
- D 2007
Why

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act was passed in 1990. It protects civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 3

What is the legal age to buy alcohol in New Zealand?
- A 16
- B 18 Correct
- C 20
- D 21
Why

You must be 18 or over to buy alcohol from a shop, bar, or restaurant in New Zealand.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 4

Which Act protects basic civil and political rights in New Zealand?
- A The Crimes Act 1961, the main criminal offences law
- B The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 Correct
- C The Land Transport Act 1998 covering road rules
- D The Education and Training Act 2020 on schooling
Why

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 sets out civil and political rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 5

Which of these is protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990?
- A The right to a free car
- B The right to peaceful protest Correct
- C The right to free flights
- D The right to skip work
Why

The Bill of Rights Act protects freedom of peaceful assembly, which includes peaceful protest. It also protects free expression and freedom of religion.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 6

Which right does the Bill of Rights Act protect?
- A Freedom of thought, conscience and religion Correct
- B The right to a free phone
- C The right to a free university place
- D The right to a free passport
Why

Section 13 of the Bill of Rights Act protects everyone's freedom of thought, conscience, religion, and belief.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 7

Under the Bill of Rights Act, you have the right not to be subjected to:
- A Forced public speaking at any government event
- B Torture or cruel treatment Correct
- C Long compulsory civic meetings each month
- D Loud music played by neighbours during the day
Why

Section 9 of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone has the right not to be subjected to torture or to cruel, degrading, or disproportionately severe treatment or punishment.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 8

Which agency in New Zealand handles complaints about workplace pay and leave?
- A The Reserve Bank
- B The Labour Inspectorate (part of MBIE) Correct
- C The Department of Internal Affairs
- D The Electoral Commission
Why

The Labour Inspectorate, part of the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, investigates breaches of minimum employment rules such as pay, leave, and minimum wage.

Source: www.employment.govt.nz
Question 9 · medium

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, which freedom is protected?
- A Freedom of movement and the choice of any residence inside New Zealand
- B Freedom of peaceful assembly, such as gathering or protesting without violence Correct
- C Freedom from any taxation imposed by central or local government bodies
- D Freedom to refuse jury service for any personal reason given in writing
Why

The Act protects freedom of peaceful assembly. This covers gatherings, meetings, and protests, provided they are peaceful. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 16.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 10 · medium

Which freedom does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect for everyone?
- A Freedom of association, such as joining a union, club, or political party Correct
- B Freedom of religion, including teaching and observing religious practice
- C Freedom of the press from any rules or restrictions made by Parliament
- D Freedom from any sentencing rule that requires a minimum prison term
Why

Everyone has the right to freedom of association. This includes joining or forming groups such as unions, clubs, religious groups, and political parties. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 17.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 11 · medium

In New Zealand, the right to practise your religion includes:
- A Manifesting religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching Correct
- B Receiving a free copy of any religious text from any public school library
- C Being exempt from paying GST on goods bought for religious worship use
- D Having any religious holiday recognised as a paid public holiday in NZ
Why

The Act protects the right to manifest a person's religion or belief in worship, observance, practice, or teaching, either alone or with others, in public or in private. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 15.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 12 · medium

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, everyone is protected against:
- A All forms of taxation that have not been approved by a public referendum
- B Unreasonable search or seizure of their person, property, or correspondence Correct
- C Being filmed by any other member of the public in any kind of public place
- D Being asked questions by Police while on a public street or in a public park
Why

Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure of their person, property, correspondence, or otherwise. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 21.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 13 · medium

Under New Zealand law, a person who is arrested or detained has the right to:
- A Be released on bail at no cost within twenty-four hours of any arrest by Police
- B Be told the reason for arrest and to consult a lawyer without delay Correct
- C Choose which Police officer will conduct the arrest interview at the station
- D Refuse to give any name or details to any Police officer after arrest
Why

Arrested or detained people must be told why they are arrested, told of the right to a lawyer, and given the chance to consult one. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 23.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 14 · medium

In New Zealand, a limit on a protected right is allowed if it is:
- A Approved by Cabinet at any meeting and signed off by the Prime Minister of the day
- B Prescribed by law and demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society Correct
- C Supported by an opinion poll showing public support of at least sixty per cent
- D Made by any local council bylaw passed by a simple majority of councillors
Why

Rights may be subject only to reasonable limits prescribed by law that can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society. Courts use this test. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 5.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 15 · medium

In New Zealand, freedom of expression includes the right to:
- A Seek, receive, and share information and opinions of any kind, in any form Correct
- B Send any message at any time using any state-funded postal or media service
- C Force a newspaper to publish a personal article on any topic of public interest
- D Speak in Parliament during any sitting day, regardless of any rules of order
Why

Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and opinions of any kind in any form. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 14.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 16 · medium

Which of these is one of the rights protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act?
- A The right to own a car
- B The right to a free university education
- C The right to freedom of expression Correct
- D The right to a guaranteed job
Why

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protects rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly, and the right to a fair trial.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 17 · medium

Which freedom does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect?
- A Freedom from taxation
- B Freedom of expression Correct
- C Freedom from work
- D Freedom from bad weather
Why

The Bill of Rights Act protects freedom of expression. This includes the right to seek, receive, and share information and opinions of any kind. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 14.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 18 · medium

Under the Bill of Rights Act, when can the police search you or your home?
- A Whenever they wish, with no rules or limits applying to police searches
- B Only if it is not unreasonable, usually with a warrant or lawful reason Correct
- C Only if you are over the age of thirty and have no prior convictions
- D Only at the weekend, with written permission from a District Court judge
Why

Section 21 of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Police usually need a warrant or another lawful reason.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 19 · medium

If you are arrested in New Zealand, you have the right to:
- A Stay silent and speak to a lawyer Correct
- B Demand to be released within one hour
- C Refuse to give your name
- D Choose your judge
Why

Sections 23 and 24 of the Bill of Rights Act give you the right to be told why you are arrested, to remain silent, and to consult and instruct a lawyer.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 20 · medium

Under the Bill of Rights Act, everyone charged with an offence has the right to:
- A Choose their own jury members from a personal list
- B A fair and public hearing by an independent court Correct
- C Decide their own sentence after a guilty verdict
- D Skip the trial entirely if they confess to the charge
Why

Section 25 of the Bill of Rights Act gives anyone charged with an offence the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial court.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 21 · medium

When a public body makes a decision about your rights, you are entitled to:
- A Free internet access in all public service offices
- B Natural justice (fair process) in dealings with public bodies Correct
- C A free state-provided lawyer in absolutely all civil cases
- D Free public transport while attending a public hearing
Why

Everyone has the right to the observance of the principles of natural justice when a public authority makes a decision about their rights or interests. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 27.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 22 · medium

What does the Privacy Act 2020 do?
- A Stops anyone from collecting or storing any information about another person
- B Sets rules for how organisations collect, store, and use personal information Correct
- C Bans social media platforms from operating within New Zealand without a permit
- D Replaces the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 as the main rights statute
Why

The Privacy Act 2020 sets out 13 information privacy principles, plus IPP 3A added in 2026. It applies to most public and private organisations and is overseen by the Privacy Commissioner.

Source: www.privacy.org.nz
Question 23 · medium

A person convicted of a crime in New Zealand has the right to:
- A Refuse to be sentenced after a guilty verdict is delivered
- B Appeal the conviction or sentence in many cases Correct
- C Choose which prison cell they will be held in afterwards
- D Have the same trial held again every year for review
Why

Section 25(h) of the Bill of Rights Act includes the right of a convicted person to appeal to a higher court. Most decisions can be appealed in some way.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 24 · medium

In New Zealand, a person is presumed:
- A Guilty until proven innocent
- B Innocent until proven guilty Correct
- C Always guilty if charged
- D Always innocent in the District Court
Why

Section 25(c) of the Bill of Rights Act says everyone charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 25 · medium

Marriage and civil unions in New Zealand:
- A Are limited to ceremonies between one man and one woman, with civil unions only for couples of the same sex
- B Are open to two people regardless of sex or gender (since 2013 for marriage) Correct
- C Are only legal if conducted inside a registered church or marae and witnessed by a celebrant
- D Are only legal for two people who are both New Zealand citizens by birth or by grant
Why

Since the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act 2013, two people can marry regardless of their sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 26 · medium

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, rights and freedoms:
- A Cannot ever be limited or restricted, even temporarily, under any law passed by Parliament
- B May be subject to reasonable limits prescribed by law that can be justified in a free and democratic society Correct
- C Apply only to citizens born inside New Zealand and to long-term permanent residents
- D Apply only during the official campaign period before a general election or by-election
Why

The Act allows rights to be limited only by reasonable limits set by law that can be justified in a free and democratic society. Courts use this to weigh up rights against other public interests. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 5.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 27 · medium

When reading other laws, what does the Bill of Rights Act ask New Zealand courts to do?
- A Strike down any Act of Parliament that breaches a right in the Bill of Rights Act
- B Prefer an interpretation of other laws that is consistent with the rights in the Act Correct
- C Ignore the Bill of Rights Act when applying criminal law and the law of evidence
- D Apply rights rulings from United Kingdom courts and the Privy Council in preference
Why

Where any law can be given a meaning that is consistent with the rights and freedoms in the Bill of Rights Act, that meaning shall be preferred. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 6.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 28 · medium

Which body sets the rules and standards for lawyers in New Zealand?
- A The New Zealand Law Society Correct
- B The Reserve Bank
- C The Electoral Commission
- D Parliament alone
Why

The New Zealand Law Society regulates lawyers under the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006. It can investigate complaints and take disciplinary action.

Source: www.lawsociety.org.nz
Question 29 · hard

Which right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect as part of freedom of movement?
- A The right of every New Zealand citizen to enter New Zealand at any time Correct
- B The right of any visitor to remain in New Zealand for at least two years
- C The right to receive a free domestic flight when relocating between islands
- D The right to live overseas while keeping a New Zealand benefit indefinitely
Why

The Act covers freedom of movement. It includes the right of every citizen to enter New Zealand, and the right of everyone here lawfully to move and reside in New Zealand. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 18.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 30 · hard

Who tells Parliament if a new bill conflicts with New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act?
- A The Speaker of the House of Representatives during the bill's first reading debate
- B The Attorney-General, on the introduction of the bill or as soon as practicable Correct
- C The Chief Justice of New Zealand, after consulting senior judges of the High Court
- D The Governor-General, before deciding whether to grant the bill Royal Assent
Why

The Attorney-General must bring to Parliament's attention any bill that appears to be inconsistent with the rights and freedoms in the Act. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 7.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 31 · hard

The Bill of Rights Act 1990 applies to acts done by:
- A Only the New Zealand Police, and no other public agency or government body
- B The legislative, executive, and judicial branches and people performing public functions Correct
- C Only private companies operating in regulated industries such as banking and telecoms
- D Only individuals over the age of eighteen who are New Zealand citizens by birth or grant
Why

Section 3 says the Act applies to acts done by the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of the government, and by any person or body performing a public function, power, or duty.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 32 · hard

In New Zealand, anyone charged with an offence has the right to:
- A A free overseas trial under the laws of any country chosen by the defendant
- B Be tried without undue delay Correct
- C A guaranteed not-guilty verdict if the trial takes longer than one year
- D A new trial each year until both parties agree on a final outcome
Why

Anyone charged with an offence has the right to be tried without undue delay. Long delays can breach this right. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(b).)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 33 · hard

At trial in New Zealand, a person charged with an offence has the right:
- A To insist on being tried by a jury made up only of people from their own town
- B Not to be compelled to be a witness or to confess guilt at their own trial Correct
- C To skip the trial entirely and accept a fine in place of any court hearing
- D To pick the prosecutor who will present the case to the court at trial stage
Why

An accused person has the right not to be compelled to be a witness or to confess guilt. This is closely linked to the right to silence. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(d).)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 34 · hard

In New Zealand, a person charged with an offence has the right to:
- A Refuse to attend court if a doctor's note is filed at the registry that morning
- B Consult and instruct a lawyer without delay Correct
- C Have all charges dropped if the trial does not start within thirty days
- D Choose the maximum penalty that the District Court can impose at sentencing
Why

Anyone charged with an offence has the right to consult and instruct a lawyer. This sits alongside the rights of arrested people. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 24(c).)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 35 · hard

New Zealand does not have a single written constitution. Which of these IS part of the constitution?
- A The Constitution Act 1986 Correct
- B The All Blacks Charter
- C The Reserve Bank Note
- D The National Anthem Act
Why

New Zealand's constitution is uncodified. Important parts include the Constitution Act 1986, the Bill of Rights Act 1990, the Electoral Act 1993, and the Treaty of Waitangi.

Source: www.justice.govt.nz
Question 36 · hard

Why is the right to vote in genuine periodic elections protected in the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act?
- A Because voting is a privilege only for citizens born here
- B Because regular, fair elections are a key part of democracy Correct
- C Because voting is required by international trade rules
- D Because the King ordered it
Why

Section 12 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 protects the right of citizens aged 18 or over to vote in genuine periodic elections. This is core to democracy.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 37 · hard

Which body decides whether new laws are consistent with the Bill of Rights Act?
- A The Attorney-General reports to Parliament if a bill seems inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act Correct
- B The Governor-General refuses Royal Assent to any bill that the Attorney-General has flagged as inconsistent
- C The Human Rights Commission must approve every bill in writing before it can be introduced into Parliament
- D A nationwide binding referendum is automatically held whenever a bill raises significant rights questions
Why

The Attorney-General must report to Parliament if a bill appears to be inconsistent with the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. Courts can also consider these issues.

Source: www.justice.govt.nz
Question 38 · hard

Which Act creates most of New Zealand's criminal offences?
- A The Bill of Rights Act 1990
- B The Crimes Act 1961 Correct
- C The Privacy Act 2020
- D The Education Act 1989
Why

The Crimes Act 1961 sets out most major criminal offences in New Zealand, including homicide, assault, theft, burglary, and many more.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 39 · hard

The Bill of Rights Act 1990 in New Zealand:
- A Can override and strike down any other Act of Parliament
- B Cannot strike down other laws but does shape how they are applied Correct
- C Only applies to the conduct of New Zealand Police officers
- D Only applies to children and young people under eighteen
Why

Unlike some other countries, New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act is not "supreme law". Courts cannot strike down a law for breaching it, but they read other laws consistently with it where possible.

Source: www.justice.govt.nz
Question 40 · hard

Which right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act affirm for everyone?
- A The right to free housing
- B Freedom from discrimination Correct
- C The right to free transport
- D The right to vote at any age
Why

The Bill of Rights Act affirms the right to be free from discrimination on the grounds set out in the Human Rights Act 1993. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 19.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 41 · hard

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protects the cultural rights of:
- A Drivers stopped at roadside breath-testing checkpoints
- B Ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities Correct
- C Tourists visiting on short-term visitor visas only
- D Children only, until they reach the age of eighteen
Why

The Act protects the rights of ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities to enjoy their culture, profess and practise their religion, and use their language. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 20.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 42 · hard

Can a New Zealand court strike down a law for clashing with the Bill of Rights Act?
- A Yes, courts can strike down any law passed by Parliament that conflicts with the Act
- B No, courts cannot hold a law invalid only because it conflicts with the Act Correct
- C Yes, but only laws passed before 1990 can be struck down on those grounds
- D Yes, but only when a United Nations treaty signed by New Zealand is also breached
Why

No court may hold a law invalid, void, or of no effect just because it is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act. Parliament's laws still apply. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 4.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 43 · hard

Which fundamental right does the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act protect?
- A The right not to be deprived of life except on grounds established by law and consistent with justice Correct
- B The right to be provided with adequate housing by central government, free of charge to the tenant
- C The right to subsidised domestic flights for residents and citizens travelling to court hearings
- D The right to refuse to attend a court hearing where a summons has been properly served on you
Why

No one shall be deprived of life except on such grounds as are established by law and are consistent with the principles of fundamental justice. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 8.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 44 · hard

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, what does everyone have the right to refuse?
- A To pay taxes that the government has lawfully imposed
- B To undergo any medical treatment Correct
- C To vote in any general or local election that is held
- D To give their name and address to a Police officer
Why

Everyone has the right to refuse to undergo any medical treatment. This is a key part of informed consent in healthcare. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 11.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 45 · hard

Under New Zealand's Bill of Rights Act, everyone has the right not to be:
- A Charged any fee at all for using a government service
- B Arbitrarily arrested or detained Correct
- C Filmed by anyone in a public place such as a street
- D Asked any questions while giving evidence in court today
Why

Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily arrested or detained. Police must have lawful grounds and follow proper process. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 22.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 46 · hard

In New Zealand, when you are charged with an offence you have the right to:
- A Personally choose which judge will hear and decide your case at every stage of the process
- B Be told the charge promptly, have time to prepare a defence, and consult a lawyer Correct
- C Avoid going to court entirely by paying a one-off fee set out in regulations
- D Have your case heard outside New Zealand if your home country has signed a treaty
Why

Rights of people charged with an offence include being told the charge promptly, having time to prepare a defence, and consulting and instructing a lawyer. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 24.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 47 · hard

Which New Zealand law protects you from being tried twice for the same offence?
- A The Bill of Rights Act 1990 Correct
- B The Privacy Act 2020
- C The Land Transport Act 1998
- D The Education and Training Act 2020
Why

The Bill of Rights Act protects against retroactive penalties and against being tried or punished twice for the same offence (the rule against "double jeopardy"), with limited exceptions for serious cases. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 26.)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 48 · hard

Which Act sets out most road and traffic offences in New Zealand?
- A The Crimes Act 1961
- B The Land Transport Act 1998 Correct
- C The Privacy Act 2020
- D The Bill of Rights Act 1990
Why

The Land Transport Act 1998 sets out most rules and offences for driving, including drink-driving, driving while disqualified, and reckless driving.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 49 · hard

Which body in New Zealand can issue a "declaration of inconsistency" if a law is found to clash with the Bill of Rights Act?
- A The Office of the Auditor-General, when it reviews public spending and government policy decisions
- B The senior courts (the High Court, Court of Appeal, and Supreme Court) Correct
- C The Electoral Commission, when reviewing campaign laws and party finance disclosure rules
- D Local councils, when adopting bylaws affecting residents in their district or city area
Why

Senior courts can declare that a law is inconsistent with the Bill of Rights Act. Under the New Zealand Bill of Rights (Declarations of Inconsistency) Amendment Act 2022, such declarations must be reported to Parliament.

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz
Question 50 · hard

In New Zealand, everyone charged with an offence has the right to be presumed what?
- A Guilty unless they personally testify in their own defence
- B Innocent until proved guilty according to law Correct
- C A foreign national requiring consular assistance from MFAT
- D A first offender who is eligible for community sentencing
Why

The Bill of Rights Act protects the presumption of innocence. The prosecution must prove the charge beyond reasonable doubt. (Bill of Rights Act 1990, section 25(c).)

Source: www.legislation.govt.nz

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